---

	FORUM ON BEER, HOMEBREWING, AND RELATED ISSUES
		Digest Janitor: janitor@ brew.oeonline.com
		Many thanks to the Observer & Eccentric Newspapers of 
		Livonia, Michigan for sponsoring the Homebrew Digest.
				URL: http://www.oeonline.com


Contents:
  Re: ageing ales (Spencer W Thomas)
  Malta drinks (Tumarkin)
  Hop Flowers ("Kris Jacobs")
  Pellet/Whole (Rust1d)
  alt.gyno.make.me.sick (Barrowman)
  abbrev. (Scott Dornseif)
  Throwing away perfectly good beer ("Moyer, Douglas E")
  Increase in temperature during fermentation ("Jeff Beaujon")
  Malta (KennyEddy)
  Co2 soluability tables/curves (RANDY ERICKSON)
  HOTV Competition results (Mark Taratoot)
  pells vs. whole (korz)
  soil preparation (DAVE SAPSIS)
  CO2 pressure (korz)
  Vancouver International Amateur Brewers Competition (Jim Cave)
  Upright Freezer ("Eric Schoville")
  re: which hop calculation method? (Art Steinmetz)
  Henry's Law (Art Steinmetz)
  Brass Ball Valves, Fittings, etc (Art Steinmetz)
  Yeast infections/high final gravity due to honey (Richard Gontarek)


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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 03:08:17 -0400
From: Spencer W Thomas <spencer at engin.umich.edu>
Subject: Re: ageing ales 

	2. What would be the optimum time ( in months) to age an ale?
	   I know that the answer to this question is related to gravity. Is
	   there a simply rule of thumb to follow?

I usually age my ales at least a day.   This allows the force
carbonation to dissolve, and whatever yeast is left in the keg has
time to mostly settle out.  :-)

Most regular gravity ales should need essentially NO aging.  Some will
improve with some aging.  Big ales are a separate ball of wax.  Randy
Mosher has a chart in his book that covers this.  I don't have the
book in front of me, but as I recall, he recommends times up to a year
for really big barleywines (1.100 and above).  I made a spiced ale
(special case) at 1.080 that was really great at almost 2 years (just
before it ran out, of course).  

	1. Should ales be aged at ale temp(65F) or at lager temp(32F)?

Depends on what you want to happen.  Aging cold will reduce esters,
diacetyl, etc., giving you a more "lager-like" flavor.  Aging warm
will do other stuff, but will still tend to mellow the harsh edges and
round out the beer.

=Spencer Thomas in Ann Arbor, MI        (spencer at umich.edu)

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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 07:11:14 -0400
From: Tumarkin at ix.netcom.com
Subject: Malta drinks

Hi All, 

Bob Lang asks for a recipe for the Malta soft drinks sold in the Miami
area. Sorry Bob, I don't have a recipe but I do have a tip for using the
7oz bottles the Malta comes in. 

I usually bottle up one or two of these small bottles with every batch
of beer I make. That way I can taste to see how the priming/carbonation
is coming along without "wasting" a large bottle. Very handy for the
impatiant brewers out there like myself.

Mark Tumarkin
The Brewery in the Jungle

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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 08:15:12 +0000
From: "Kris Jacobs" <jtsnake at serv01.net-link.net>
Subject: Hop Flowers

I am growing hops this year, and I sure don't understand the reasoning behind
people referring to whole hops as "leaf hops" or "whole hop leaves".  It is the
hop _flower_ that is used in your beer, not at all the leaves.  Can we all get
on the same sheet of music here?

- --Kris Jacobs
JPA Mash Works
"Noch ein Bier bitte!"

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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 08:19:03 -0400 (EDT)
From: Rust1d <rust1d at usa.net>
Subject: Pellet/Whole

Scott Abene writes:
>I have been toying with using Hop Pellets as the bittering hops (anything
>that is in the boil more than 50 minutes). Then using either plugs or whole
>leaf Hops for the flavor and aroma hops.

>I have found that in my experience the Hop Pellets tend to give me the
>better boiling hop bitter than plugs or whole leaf and that the plugs and
>whole leaf work far much better for flavor and aroma.

I too have been working this approach. Pellets in the beginning of the
boil, followed by leaf towards the end. I arrived at this method because
of the amount of wort left behind when using whole hops. When using
exclusively whole leaf, I was losing more wort after draining the kettle.
When using exclusively pellets, I found that more hop/trub made it into
the fermenter. Sooo, now I always make sure to add some whole leaf to
each batch for its filtering capablities. Since they have more to offer in
the flavor/aroma area, I try to add them towards the end. My IPA with over
10 ozs of hops gets pellets right up to the knock out hops which are leaf
for filtering. Otherwise I would lose a gallon of wort post boil.


John Varady                     http://www.netaxs.com/~vectorsys/varady
Boneyard Brewing                The HomeBrew Recipe Calculating Program
Lafayette Hill, PA              * New email address ***> rust1d at usa.net



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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 09:18:02 -0400 (EDT)
From: Barrowman at aol.com
Subject: alt.gyno.make.me.sick

Thanks to Rae Christopher J for the scientific discussion, but, could you all
do us gals out here a favor and ditch the gyno-discussion? I have already
dressed down the poor guy who posted the original. This kind of stuff is
pretty offensive to the female brewers/readers out there. If I want to read
about that sort of thing I'll find another news group.

Tsssssssssssss, steam let off, going back to my bowl of milk,

Laura
Charlotte  NC

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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 08:26:48 -0500
From: Scott Dornseif <roundboy at wwa.com>
Subject: abbrev.

Hey. 

My apologies in advance, I must be a drooling idiot because I just could
not find what I wanted in the hbd archives, nor can I find that helpful web
page with the abbreviations on it.

Anyway, what is AlK?  Short for alkaline?  It sounds like a caustic from
the way I hear people talk about it.

TIA
Scott Dornseif
roundboy at wwa.com

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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 9:02:40 -0400
From: "Moyer, Douglas E" <moyer-de at salem.ge.com>
Subject: Throwing away perfectly good beer

Well folks, I threw away my first batch of beer last night. No, it wasn't 
contaminated. It's much more stupid than that. I kegged the beer on 
Sunday, and put 28 psi on the keg, and left the gas connected. After work 
on Monday, I hooked up the liquid disconnect and tried a sample. 
Unfortunately, I forgot to take off the liquid disconnect or to turn off 
the gas. When I went into the back room to draw a pint, I got half an 
inch of spitting foam. I opened the chest cooler, and saw the entire five 
gallons on the outside of the keg. (Luckily the chest cooler didn't leak. 
Stout on the carpet in what will soon be the baby's room would have made 
my dear wife a bit unhappy.) I have the pinlock style kegs, and the leak 
was between the quick disconnect and the shaft. (It was a very slow leak 
over a very long time.)

Now, obviously, I should not have left the gas on for so long. Also, I 
guess I should not have left the liquid disconnect connected during the 
high pressure of force carbonating. Here are the questions:

1) How often should I change o-rings on the disconnect shafts?

2) Is it unreasonable to expect the o-ring to hold pressure at 28 psi?

I'm beginning to like the idea of giving the keg a shot of CO2 only when 
needed...

Doug Moyer
Big Lick Brewing Collective
"My Big Lick is leaking!"


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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 10:43:42 +0000
From: "Jeff Beaujon" <jmb at mailhost.bellhow.com>
Subject: Increase in temperature during fermentation

I recently brewed a batch of Oatmeal Stout from an extract 
recipe (OG = 1.058).  The basement temperature is a pretty 
constant 68 deg F and the wort temperature was also 68 deg 
when fermentation commenced.  I noticed that at peak 
fermentation (burping about 80/min) the temperature, according 
to the Fermometer, was about 72 or 73 deg.  Now, I realize that 
fermentation produces heat, but in my 10 or so previous batches 
(all ales) I have not seen even a 1 deg increase in temperature.  
My question is why would I see such a large temperature change 
in this batch ?  Is it due to the larger amounts of unfermentables 
(FG = 1.018), the yeast (Wyeast 1084), or something else ?  All my 
previous batches had FG in the 1.010 - 1.012 range and have used
Wyeast 1028, 1056 or 1098.  Any thoughts would be greatly appreciated.

Private Email is fine.

Jeff Beaujon
Stow, Ohio
- ---
Jeff (x6476)

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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 11:37:18 -0400 (EDT)
From: KennyEddy at aol.com
Subject: Malta

Bob Lang asked about "malta":

"Does anyone know how these are made (recipe) and if its possible to make in
the same methodology as reg. brews."

Bob, malta is basically just hopped unfermented wort.  Charlie Pappazian's
second book contains a recipe he calls "American Malta", since it's a bit
heavier on the hops than what he describes as the traditional stuff.  From
what experimentation I've done with no- and low-alcohol brewing, I might
suggest going easy on the hops, but that's based on a much lighter-gravity
wort (1.010-ish).  I also found that slight acidification of the wort helps
the hop flavor for some reason.

Having said that, here's a description of a malta which by wierd coincidence
appears today (May 15) on my "365 Bottles of Beer for the Year" desk calendar
(Bob Klein, Workman Publishing Company, copyright 1996):

*****
Extracto de Malta Malt Beverage (non-alcoholic)
Brewed in Hamburg, Germany

The rich, chocolatey flavor here is reminiscent of a milk shake or malted
milk.  A pungent malty aroma with restrained sweetness accompanies a
bitterness that is nicely tuned and balanced.  Heavily hopped, it comes
within drinking distance of real beer.
*****

I don't see why you couldn't make "malta" using any grains you felt like
using, so step one would be to design a recipe based on the "style" you want.
 You can probably deduce quite a bit about the ingredients by tasting the
commercial version.  Shoot for about 1.030 gravity (if I remember right,
that's about where Pappazian's malta was).  Brew as you normally would but
don't pitch any yeast.  Optional: add a bit of phospohoric or lactic acid to
obtain a pH drop of a few tenths (too much acid and you get a sour taste).
 Allow to settle & clear, or filter.  Rack to a keg & force-carbonate.  DO
NOT PRIME IN THE BOTTLE -- there's no yeast (remember?), and if you add
yeast, the wort will fully ferment and you will have exploding bottles!!

Sanitation in processing & packaging is crucial since the wort is totally
exposed to infection.  CP suggests bottling from the keg and
heat-pasteurizing the bottles at ~150F for a few minutes.  There might be
some sort of food-grade preservative additive you can use if you wish.
 Otherwise, drink it up quickly.  In any case, store it as cold as possible
to retard spoilage.  You might want to make a small batch if this will be an
occasional beverage.

If you make this from all-grain, try a high mash temperature to reduce the
sweetness in the taste.  Seems that especially at higher gravities this stuff
might be a little icky.  Try a 160F single infusion.  If using extract, try a
low-attenuating brand like Laaglander.

Makes me want to brew malta...

*****

Ken Schwartz
El Paso, TX
KennyEddy at aol.com
http://members.aol.com/kennyeddy


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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 09:52:55 -0700
From: RANDY ERICKSON <RANDYE at mid.org>
Subject: Co2 soluability tables/curves

Ian Smith asks where to get copies of the CO2 solubility curves:

There are a couple of places.  The info at the Brewery is nice because it
also includes a formula which allows you to calculate "special cases",
i.e. carbonation levels or temperatures which are off the chart.  Check
out:

http://alpha.rollanet.org:80/library/CO2charts.html

If you don't have web access, but can anonymous FTP, go to:
ftp.stanford.edu
Directory:
/pub/clubs/homebrew/beer/docs
for three different formats of the chart.

If all you have is E-mail, the HBD header (That's right, each and every
issue!) points you to an FTP by e-mail server.

Cheers -- Randy in Modesto

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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 09:34:25 -0700 (PDT)
From: Mark Taratoot <taratoot at PEAK.ORG>
Subject: HOTV Competition results


This year celebrated the 15th anniversary of the Oregon Homebrewers 
Competition and Festival.  We had a total of 236 entries, over twenty 
more entries than last year.  Thanks to all who participated.

Results can be viewed at 
http://www.peak.org/~taratoot/fest.html
 -or-
http://www.peak.org/~taratoot/result97.html



- --
Mark Taratoot           
taratoot at peak.org         


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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 12:36:55 -0500 (CDT)
From: korz at xnet.com
Subject: pells vs. whole

Scott writes:
>I have been toying with using Hop Pellets as the bittering hops (anything
>that is in the boil more than 50 minutes). Then using either plugs or whole
>leaf Hops for the flavor and aroma hops.
> 
>I have found that in my experience the Hop Pellets tend to give me the
>better boiling hop bitter than plugs or whole leaf and that the plugs and
>whole leaf work far much better for flavor and aroma.

I've read similarly in George Fix's writings and would *tend* to agree that
the "quality" of the aroma and flavour of whole and plug hops tends to be
superior to pellets.  The process of pelletisation generates a great deal
of heat and I find it difficult to believe that some subset of the
compounds in the essential oils are not driven off during the processing.
Note that this presumes that the hops are stored properly: purged, oxygen-
barrier bags, at very cold temperatures.  Ten years ago, I would have said
that pellets have better aroma and flavour characteristics, simply because
the pelletisation protected at least some of the essential oils from
oxidation.

Personally, I used to use pellets for the boil (using hop bags - bittering,
flavour, AND finishing) and whole hops for dryhopping.  I did use whole
hops occasionally in the boil back in the days when you couldn't get East
Kent Golding pellets.  By the time I sold my store, there were only four
or five varieties that I could *only* get as whole hops (I used to stock
about 25 varieties of pellets, six of plugs, and five of whole).

Things change and we re-think our systems and I ended up changing the way I
brew beer.  In my new 1/2bbl system, I have a ball valve on the outside and
stainless steel screens on the inside of my 18.75-gallon kettle.  Now, I
only use whole hops, without a hop bag, and rely on the hops to help
filter-out much of the hot and cold break (I use an immersion chiller).
Luckly, the number of whole hop varieties available to homebrewers has
tripled in the last two years and now, I think that it's now easier to get
a wider range of varieties in whole hops than in pellets.


Al.

Al Korzonas, Palos Hills, IL
korz at xnet.com


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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 10:48:44 -0700
From: DAVE_SAPSIS at fire.ca.gov (DAVE SAPSIS)
Subject: soil preparation

     Jeff Kenton did a search of the archives and uncovered these gems  
     regarding soils treatments:
     
     1) add sand to heavy (clay) soils to increase drainage.
     2) use bone meal as a general fertilizer
     
     Number one will likely produce concrete.  Your best bet at lightening 
     up heavy clay soils is liberal use of organic matter and working the 
     soil (i.e., digging and turning in).  Most soil amendment companies 
     make some variant of "clod buster" and it usually has a redwood soil  
     based conditioner in it.  Often it is also treated with either chicken 
     or steer manure as well.  Hops have very extensive root systems.  
     Think about the amount of above ground biomass at full development.  
     It is likely that there is a roughly an equal amount below ground.  
     People having trouble growing hops usually have a limited soil 
     environment for their plants.
     
     On the subject of fertilization, I posted this sometime ago, again in 
     response to an individual suggesting the use of bone meal as an early 
     season nutrient:
     
     About the same time Dan Roman made some strange statements in regard 
     to hop fertilizers: use bone meal instead of manure or miracle grow.  
     Be warned, bone meal is almost solely a source of phosphorous.  Little 
     to no available N in it (the stuff I have is rated 0-10-0).  It is 
     therefore an excellent nutrient for stimulation of flower development, 
     and I have had good results using ~ 1 cup per hill in early July after 
     initiation of fruiting.  Dan also makes the case that manure and 
     Miraclegrow offer too quick a release of nutrients, and run the risk 
     of burning.  He is only half right.  Synthetic fertilizers such as MG 
     have the vast majority of their Nitrogen in a highly available state, 
     with all buffering of that availability dependent on soil mediated 
     reactions.  Manures on the other hand come with extensive amounts of 
     carbon.  The rates of nitrogen availability are determined by N 
     mineralization rates, which in addition to pH, are largely a function 
     of C:N ratios.  Optimal levels of mineralization occur around a C:N of 
     20.  Without delving too much into soil microbiology, mulch 
     fertilizers such as manures are generally well buffered in regard to 
     nitrate, so long as the fertilizer is well watered into the soil 
     profile upon treatment.  That way, the easily leached NO3 will 
     transport down into the profile, and leave the fertilizer to its own 
     well-regulated dynamics of N mineralization.  I have had very good 
     results  using  organic chicken manure (NPK of 3-2-1) at about 1.5 
     pounds per hill at three intervals during early and mid growth, then 
     switching to bone  meal for hop cone development.
     
     Hope this helps. Cheers,
     
     --dave in sacramento

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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 13:42:44 -0500 (CDT)
From: korz at xnet.com
Subject: CO2 pressure

Charley writes:
>>3. your regulator is off and you are not at 25-30 psi,
> 
>Go back and read the process. The third step says "disconnect ..."

Yes, but the fifth or sixth step implies that a keg of 33F beer gets
sloshed around for 5 minutes with 25-30 psi *connected*, until you
don't hear gas going in.  This implies that you have dissolved more
than 4 volumes of CO2 in the beer! See the pressure vs. temperature
vs. CO2 volumes table at:

http://alpha.rollanet.org/library/CO2charts.html

>> to 55F for serving (at 8 to 12 psi).
> 
>How many kegs are you keeping pressurized simultaneously? I find that if I
>have one keg in the frige (very seldom but it happens) vs 4 kegs (all on a
>single manifold) I have to set the regulator up higher to maintain the same
>serving pressure.

I used to have four at once, but now the darn keg fridge is taken up by 25#
of hops (which I bought just before selling the store).  I'm lucky if
I can fit two kegs in there... however, I discovered that my crawlspace
is at 55F in the wintertime, so I don't need to store the kegs in the
fridge except in the summer.  This winter, I never had more than two kegs
of beer ready for consumption at one time, so I never had more than two
on the system at one time.

If you have to raise the pressure when you have more than one keg, you
have leaks in your system.  Put a few tablespoons of dishwashing soap
(the foamy stuff) into a few tablespoons of warm water and check all
your connections.  If you see bubbles, you have a leak.  Be careful
to not get any of this on any surfaces that may contact beer (such
as the lid O-ring... use plain water to check this seam).
 
>>Since CO2 is much more soluble at cooler temperatures, your instructions
>>are a recipe for *very* *highly* *carbonated* beer.
> 
>I use the cooler temperatures (33F) in order to hurry the process along and
>get drinkable beer within 24-48 hours of beginning the process. I then
>depressurize the keg and raise the temp up to 44F (warmest setting on my
>thermostat).

Yes, that's reasonable, but the problem is that you need to bring that
pressure down to 11 or 12 psi if you are indeed carbonating at 33F.  This
will keep your beer from absorbing more than about 2.75 or 2.8 volumes
and the number of volumes of CO2 will stay constant (presuming the keg is
sealed and there is no externally applied pressure) even when you change
the keg's (the beer's, actually) temperature.  Actually, you can get
drinkable beer in 12 hours: force carbonate 68F beer at 30psi till the
gas stops flowing.  Stick this in your 44F fridge and by the time it's
at 44F, the eddy currents will have settled and your beer will be drinkable
(although it may be a little yeasty still).

>Theory is one thing, practice is real and this process does work in my
>basement.

You will note that I didn't dispute that you were happy with your level
of carbonation, but rather I felt that somewhere (pressure or temperature)
you were not where you thought you were.  I still insist that if you are
indeed saturating 33F beer with 25-30 psi of CO2, you have more than 4
volumes of CO2 dissolved in it -- this will be foam city unless you have
a 12 foot, 1/4" ID hose and it will be very highly carbonated whatever
the hose length.

>Hope you enjoyed your vacation Al.

Yes and no... I've had better... hours before our flight took off, my
wife's grandfather was taken to the hospital, so we scrubbed the mission.
He died the following Wednesday, so it's good that we didn't go.  (You
can save the condolences, incidentally... we appreciate them, but the
guy was 96 years old and lived 95.5 of them *on his own*!  I hope to
do so well.)

Al.

Al Korzonas, Palos Hills, IL
korz at xnet.com




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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 13:17:42 -0700 (PDT)
From: Jim Cave <CAVE at PSC.ORG>
Subject: Vancouver International Amateur Brewers Competition

HBD'ers:

      The Royal Canadian Malted Patrol will be hosting Vancouver
International Amateur Brewer's Competition on Saturday June 21st
1997.  The Competition will be held in conjunction with the
Vancouver International Micro Brewer's Festival.  Naturally, we
will be looking for qualified beer judges to sample and rate what
we hope will be a quality showing of beers!  This year we hope for
125-150 entries.  I would like to take this opportunity to invite
you to judge with us this year.  Judges will receive a compliment-
ary admission to the beer fesitival.  Please RSVP if you can
attend.  Ideally we would like 30 qualified judges to attend.
During the evening of June 21st, we will have a banquet at Sailor
Hagars Brew Pub, which the judges are most welcome to attend. 
Sailor Hagars has put on a couple of banquets for homebrewers in
Vancouver and the food and especially the beer has been most
excellent.  There is some limitation as to the number of Banquet
tickets so please RSVP as soon as possible to avoid disappointment. 
 

      Please arrive between 08:30-09:15.  Judging will begin at
09:30 Saturday June 21st at the beer festival site, the Plaza of
Nations, on Pacific Avenue, S.E. of B.C. Place Stadium, Vancouver
B.C.  Parking will be expensive, so Carpool-it if possible.

      We will have 10 categories: 1) American Ales 2) English Ales
3) Wheat and German Ales 4) Dark Beers (Porters, Stouts and Browns)
5) Light Lagers 6) Dark Lagers 7) Belgians 8) Strong Beers 9)
Specialty (Fruit, Smoked and cider) 10) Specialty (Spiced, Sake and
Meads).  Categories may be resorted if necessary.  If you would
like to enter beers, the closing for entries is June 14th and cost
is $5 and 2 bottles of beer!  Please mark entry with style/sub-
style (BJCP or AHA) as well as VIABC category.  Entries can be
delivered to Spagnols (1325 Derwent Way, New Westminster, B.C. V3M
5V9) and at other selected locations (we have a U.S. mailing site
this year).  Please call Russ Morris for details (604-526-2573,
SLIDES at UNIXG.UBC.CA) about entries and drop-off locations, or
myself Jim Cave, (days 604-684-8081, eves 987-8262, CAVE at PSC.ORG)
for judging arrangements.

                              Thank you!
                              
                              Jim Cave

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Date: 15 May 97 13:18:48 -0700
From: "Eric Schoville" <ESCHOVIL at us.oracle.com>
Subject: Upright Freezer

	First off, thanks too the multitude of people
who responded to my question about an upright freezer.
By far, most people:

1)  Warned me against an upright freezer because most
upright freezers have cooling coils in the shelves 
which prevent the shelves from being moved.  As a result,
many will not fit carboys/kegs.

2)  Prefer a chest freezer because the storage space is
much more convienient for brewing purposes.

However, some people did respond that they had good 
success with an upright freezer.  I guess that it all
depends on how the interior space of the freezer is organized.
I'm going to hold out for a chest freezer.  Anyone in Dallas
have an old one they aren't using?

Thanks again,

Eric Schoville
eschovil at us.oracle.com

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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 07:47:06 -0400
From: Art Steinmetz <asteinm at pipeline.com>
Subject: re: which hop calculation method?

Tinseth, Rager, Garetz.  All are ways to *estimate* how many IBUs your beer
will have given how much hops you put in when it is impractical as a
homebrewer to actually measure the finished product.

These formulas are better than a guess but three factors greatly affect
utilization. Your particular brewing process, the form of the hops
(flowers, plugs, pellets) and the diff. between the aa printed on the
package and the actual aa (time decay).

Only experience will tell.
- -- Art
asteinm at pipeline.com

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Date: Wed, 14 May 1997 21:44:29 -0400
From: Art Steinmetz <asteinm at pipeline.com>
Subject: Henry's Law

This got me to thinking.  Are those "fizz keeper" products a scam.  You
know, the pumps that attach to PET bottles to repressurize them...with
ambient air.  That shouldn't stop the CO2 from coming out of solution, right?

As a corollary question, why can't I "carbonate" with ambient air (mostly
nitrogen)?  Won't air go into solution under pressure and create bubbles as
it comes out of solution in the glass?  I understand the flavor
contribution of carbonic acid won't be present.

- -- Art
asteinm at pipeline.com
Brewmeister, janitor
Brauerei Steinmetz

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Date: Wed, 14 May 1997 21:59:00 -0400
From: Art Steinmetz <asteinm at pipeline.com>
Subject: Brass Ball Valves, Fittings, etc

> Are stainless ball valves a necessity or will brass do the job without
> any adverse effects.

The SABCO RIMs system I have offers brass valves standard or stainless as
an upgrade.  Presumably these brass valves are "food grade."

- -- Art
asteinm at pipeline.com
Brewmeister, janitor
Brauerei Steinmetz

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Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 19:31:55 +0000
From: Richard Gontarek <gontarek at voicenet.com>
Subject: Yeast infections/high final gravity due to honey

Hi All,

Paul said the following:
"Use of common yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for home 
baking and brewing may be contributing to yeast infections 
in women. One commercial strain was isolated from three of 
16 patients with vaginitis in a study performed at the California
Institute of Medical Research...


To which Ray replied: 

"I thought that Candida Albicans (sp?) was responsible for women's yeast
infections. My wife is prone to them, and she will kill me if my beers
are the cause of them. (Of course, then she will have to buy all those
tasty English, Irish, and Belgian ales she love)."

I am not a microbiologist per se, but I am a molecular biologist working
at a pharmaceutical company with some experience in antimicrobials and
antifungals. Ray is right: indeed, the fungal species Candida albicans
is responsible for the majority of certain types of nasty fungal
infections in women, as well as other systemic fungal infections in
immunocompromised patients (including AIDS patients), patients with
prosthetic devices, cancer patients, and patients undergoing long-term
antibiotic therapy. I would be surprised if ordinary S. cerevisiae
strains were responsible for yeast infections in women. I would be even
more surprised if any study could identify *any* strain of yeast as
being a "commercial" strain, since such comparisons would likely involve
more detailed study of genotype and phenotype rather than by cell
appearance alone. I'd be interested in the published reference from Paul
about the results of the study at the California Institute of Medical
Research. In a search of the literature, I did find one reference in the
last decade that reported three cases of severe Saccharomyces
infections. It was unclear how the patients contracted the infection,
but I'm sure it wasn't from drinking homebrew. One caveat the authors of
this study noted is that since Saccharomyces is a common contaminant in
our environment (ie, it can contaminate lab samples), unequivocal
evidence should be put forth to show the relationship between an
infection and the clinical presence of Saccharomyces. 

Sorry for the above diversion from brewing...


Anybody ever have a problem with high final gravity from a beer using
honey? I've used honey many times before, and the beers always fermented
to completion. I made a honey-lemon-wheat two weeks ago that is still
sitting at 1.020 (fermenting with Wyeast 1056, all grain except for the
honey). I have never had problems before with this yeast, and I did take
care to aerate and ferment at the proper temp, etc. I did use cheapo
honey from the grocery store this time, 'cause the higher quality honey
was not available. Any thoughts? Thanks in advance.

Later,

Rick Gontarek
Owner/Brewmaster
The Major Groove Picobrewery, Meadery, and barbecuery
Trappe, PA

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